Iberia Center for Contemporary Art Update 伊比利亚中心更新
July 22nd, 2008 by Liang Jingyu 梁井宇
农业化居住梦想
July 22nd, 2008 by Liang Jingyu 梁井宇
传统农业从没有像今天这样受到多方面的威胁。面对气候、土壤的变化；植物病虫害、杀虫剂、除草剂、化肥、工业污染物的多面夹击之外，这些年来又面临新的严峻的挑战——城市化快速扩展下，农业用地不断被征用为城市用地；而大量的农村劳动力也在这种快速扩张下，离开土地，进入城市，填补城市服务业新增的工作机会。于是，种植面积和种植农业人口都迅速萎缩。农业早已不再是一个可持续发展的产业，没有政府的农业补贴，农业自身根本无法存活。因为单靠卖粮食的收入，无法满足最低限的生活要求，农民种地不是为了卖粮食的钱，而是为了获得政府的补贴。更为可怕的是没有政府的强制措施，这些补贴怎么也比不上卖地的诱惑，所以暗中的、变相的农业土地被开发更加剧了可耕地的减少。所以我们看到的是一方面农业产品价格不断攀升，而另一方面却是农民在丧失耕种的积极性的怪圈。
在这样的背景下，如果我们可以用农业的可耕地同时解决种植和居住，这无疑是一场崭新的革命。假设一亩地产量不仅不减少，种植土地利用率还可以达到120%，同时还能解决接近0.5容积率的居住面积（这相当于一个以别墅和Townhouse为主的居住区密度）。这将会是怎样一个大胆而诱人的梦想？
- 这可能预示了未来城乡结合的新方式，一种全新的可持续发展的农业和生态居住模式。
- 新城市——不再只是占有土地，还提供农业用地。居民通过购买或租用居住空间而支付农业。更加贴近自然，生活垃圾最大可能地参与农业循环，农业的产出反过来支持一个环保生态的居住系统。成为一个互相依存的生态体系，在高度文明的程度上回归传统的工业革命之前的人与自然的田园居住状态。
- 新农村——农业不再是传统被扶植的产业，城市发展的对立面，饱受威胁而又脆弱的生命线。相反，农业将成为城市化进程的共生产品，既扭转了城市化无节制发展的最终将导致的厄运，也展现出新型都市农业的光明前景。
关于编译《农民自建抗震屋图解手册》
July 9th, 2008 by admin场域建筑正在和在场建筑一道进行编译《农民自建抗震屋图解手册》工作。这是一本一般性的砖混抗震住宅技术手册，所不同的是针对人群为非专业人士。其实中国并不缺乏完善的建筑抗震技术规范、建造手册和标准图集，但是大多数是为专业技术人士提供的材料。普通的没有受过建筑专业训练的人无法轻易读懂，并以此为指导进行自建房屋。
此次地震破坏巨大，政府、国内外的援建机构和建筑师工程师合作，但力所能及的范围十分有限，大批农民以前自建的，在地震中倒塌的房屋依然需要他们自己在没有专业技术人员的帮助下自我重建。面对大量的这些在未来两三年内要重建的房屋，如何能避免未来的灾害，确保安全是我们作为建筑师的责任，尽管我们不能亲手指导这些重建，但是一本简单易懂的建造手册也许可以起到些作用。
这本书的原型是由数家国外机构（WHE，EERI 等）为发展中国家的普通人自建能够抵抗地震等自然灾害的住宅而编写的，通俗易懂，图文并茂，所采用的技术在中国也十分普遍。最重要的是，这是一本建筑师、工程师直接写给盖房子的非专业人士（比如农民自建房）看的手册，因此可作为政府和专业援建之外的补充。
本书的原著、版权拥有人以及我们所有参与编译及其他工作的人员，出版及发行机构均同意采用知识共享版权协议的“署名-非商业性使用-相同方式共享 (by-nc-sa)” http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/cn/deed.zh 即：免费获得本手册的任何人可以自由地复制、发行、展览、表演、放映、广播或通过信息网络传播本作品，并可以创作演绎作品，惟须遵守三个条件，一、必须按照作者或者许可人指定的方式对作品进行署名；二、不得将本作品用于商业目的；三、如果改变、转换本作品或者以本作品为基础进行创作，您只能采用与本协议相同的许可协议发布基于本作品的演绎作品，在此，即为也必是“署名-非商业性使用-相同方式共享”。
英文原书PDF可在此下载：
http://www.world-housing.net/uploads/WHETutorial_ConfinedMasonry_English.pdf
本书将于8月中下旬完成，有需要或发送渠道的人士请同我们联系。
2008 AAC Forum Series 系列论坛 2
July 2nd, 2008 by Liang Jingyu 梁井宇2008 AAC系列论坛2
主题：具有变革能力的建筑
主讲：黄艳（北京市规划委主任）
李兴钢（中国建筑设计研究院副总建筑师，李兴钢建筑设计工作室主持人）
马岩松（MAD创立人，合伙人）
Silas Chiow（SOM中国区总监）
梁井宇（场域建筑（北京）工作室主持建筑师，城市研究者）
徐甜甜（DnA _Design and Architecture主持人）
廖维武（香港中文大学建筑学系副教授）
嘉宾：Clifford Pearson（《建筑实录》编辑）
K.Y. Cheng（东西银行国际贸易执行副总裁，董事）
Kokmeng Tan（KUU上海合伙人）
柯谨（当代节能置业股份公司设计总监，北京首都工程建筑设计有限公司总经理 ）
主持：马清运（美国南加州大学建筑学院院长；马达思班建筑事务所创立人，设计总监）
时间：2008年07月04日15:30－18:30
地点：北京尤伦斯当代艺术中心(北京市朝阳区酒仙桥路4号798艺术区)
主办：美国南加州大学中国学院
美国南加州大学建筑学院
哥伦比亚大学建筑规划研究院
韩国国立首尔大学
北京尤伦斯当代艺术中心
协办：上海思班都市建筑艺术展览服务有限公司
特别鸣谢：深航房地产开发有限责任公司
背景介绍
对于一个不仅仅孕育了几个王朝,更目睹了疆土更移的城市而言,面对中国各种族的融合,政治导向的更替,加之最近几十年的GDP快速成长，建筑究竟意味着什么？
建筑对于那些变化究竟是起到了催化的作用，还是延缓的效果？对于现状，它有没有提出可行的方案，还是保持了沉默？或者，建筑到底是一种视觉上的宣言呢，还是现实的结果？建筑有没有自我抚育、自我再生的力量呢？但有一点是异常清晰的：建筑没有成为城市变型的枷锁，面对中国城市化未知的将来，我们准备好提出新的目标与方法去接受建筑了吗？
AAC简介
美国南加州大学中国学院（AAC）面向全世界来华访问的艺术及建筑类本科生、研究生，为其提供学术及后勤基地，开展艺术、建筑及都市化领域内的探索交融式课程，包括工作坊、实地考察及论坛。
2008 AAC Forum Series 2
Topic: Transformative Architecture
Speakers: Yan Huang（Director of Beijing Municipal Planning Commission）
Xinggang Li（Deputy chief architect China Architecture Design & Research Group,Director of Atelier Li Xinggang）
Yansong Ma（MAD Founding Principal）
Silas Chiow（Director of SOM China）
Jingyu Liang（Founding principal of Approach Architecture Studio）
Tiantian Xu （Founding principal of DnA _Design and Architecture Beijing Office）
Laurence Liauw（Associate Professor at the Department of Architecture, Chinese University of Hong Kong）
Guests: Clifford Pearson（Deputy editor of Architectural Record）
K.Y. Cheng（Executive Vice President and Director of International Trade Banking, East West Bank. ）
Kokmeng Tan（KUU, Shanghai, partner）
Jin Ke（Design Director, Modern Green Development;General Manager, Beijing Capital Design）
Keynote: Qingyun Ma（Dean of School of Architecture, University of Southern California;Design Principal of MADAs.p.a.m.）
Time: 15:30-18:30, July 04th, 2008
Venue: Ullens Center for Contemporary Art(798 Art District, No.4 Jiuxianqiao Rd, Chaoyang District, Beijing）
Organizers: AAC: USC American Academy in China
School of Architecture, University of Southern California
Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation, Columbia University
School of Architecture,Seoul National University
Ullens Center for Contemporary Art
Co-organizers: SPAMAPS Architecture and Fine Art Exhibition Consultant Co., Ltd.
Special Thanks: Shenzhen Airlines Real Estate Development Co., Ltd.
Background of the subject:
For a city that has not only fostered several dynasties of empire but also a few migrations of territory, a few confluences of Chinese ethnicities, a few shifts of social political paradigms and more recent decade of gdp acceleration, what does architecture means?
Has architecture played a role of catalyst or that retardant of change? Has architecture played a scheme of the possible or default of the status quo? Has architecture been visual manifesto or physical consequence? Does this Architecture have an mandate of self-alimentary or ability of self-regenerative? one thing remains critically clear that this architecture has not deadlock the transformation of city, and with a unknown future for Chinese urbanity, are we prepared to accept this architecture therefore come up with new agenda and agents for it?
Description of AAC:
The USC American Academy in China provides an academic and logistical base in China for visiting undergraduate and graduate students of the arts and architecture from universities worldwide. The American Academy in China (AAC) coordinates pedagogical explorations of art, architecture, and urbanism, that include academic workshops, tours and forums.
Beijing Suburb Chapel北京郊区的小礼拜堂
June 26th, 2008 by Liang Jingyu 梁井宇
从设计概念的妥协，到演变成实际建筑——再到施工后期的完全失控。从真理到谬误只有一步之遥，然而从谬误回到正确的一步却是如此艰难！
CMuseum Interior
June 18th, 2008 by Liang Jingyu 梁井宇
Don’t Rebuild on China Quake Faults, Experts Warn
June 18th, 2008 by Liang Jingyu 梁井宇| 原文地址：http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/pf/53299045.html |
| Kevin Holden Platt in Beijing for National Geographic News |
| June 17, 2008 |
| Rebuilding should be banned along the tectonic faults that caused the massive May 12 earthquake, two scientists say.The researchers had pinpointed China’s Sichuan Province as a seismic hazard in a study released in 2007, ten months before the quake hit.Fissures that cut through the Earth’s crust where the Sichuan Basin collides with the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau could still give rise to a future seismic shock, according to Mike Ellis of the British Geological Survey.”These faults remain active,” said Ellis, co-author of the 2007 study that appeared in the journal Tectonics.
(Read more about plate tectonics.) “There should be a no-building zone that envelopes the length of the active faults,” Ellis told National Geographic News. “Schools and hospitals should not be built within a critical distance of the faults, nor should any high-density population building be placed in a landslide hazard zone.” Buffer Zone Alex Densmore of the Institute of Hazard and Risk Research at Durham University, who also co-authored the 2007 study, agreed that a buffer zone should border these faults, which stretch for about 150 miles (250 kilometers). “If you put a building across a fault, it is literally going to be split in half,” Ellis said. The idea is not new: A buffer zone was created after the San Fernando earthquake in California in the 1970s, he said. In China countless homes and schools constructed of unreinforced brick or concrete crumbled like sand castles during the quake, which killed about 70,000 people. (Related story: “China Quake Delivered Seismic One-Two Punch” [May 15, 2008].) Higher building standards and a buffer zone along the faults “could help cut the number of deaths during an earthquake by one or two orders of magnitude,” Densmore said. “Instead of tens of thousands of people dying, maybe thousands or hundreds will die.” Recalling travels in Sichuan in recent years, Densmore said, “The rate of building in the area was astonishing. “Development in the region has progressed farther and farther back into the mountains, toward the epicenter [of the May 12 quake].” Five million people have become refugees since their homes were leveled, and the Chinese leadership and foreign aid groups are now scrambling to assemble temporary “tent cities” (see photo). But the real challenge is to construct cottages, schools, hospitals, and communities reinforced to withstand any future temblor, experts say. “With the exception of [quake-triggered] tsunamis, earthquakes do not kill people. Buildings kill people,” said Guido Cervone of the Center for Earth Observing and Space Research at George Mason University in Virginia. Architecture for Quake-Prone Areas Scientists and building designers have made steady advances in creating seismically sound architecture, Cervone said. The new China Central Television (CCTV) complex being built in Beijing by the Dutch architecture firm OMA, for instance, has been designed, reinforced, and tested to survive powerful earthquakes, said OMA architect Ole Scheeren. The building’s frame has already withstood hundreds of “extreme events” in intense experiments conducted by China’s leading engineers, he said. Improving the earthquake resistance of rural Chinese housing doesn’t require such advanced technology, though. Svetlana Brzev co-founded a Web project called the World Housing Encyclopedia (WHE), which shares information on how to create quake-resistant structures. “A confined brick masonry earthquake-resistant house,” said one WHE pamphlet, “is designed and constructed so that its walls are able to resist earthquakes. Its plan view must be simple and symmetrical. Its bearing walls must be well constructed and must always be confined by reinforced concrete columns and beams.” “Adobe and other forms of unreinforced masonry construction are proven ’serial killers’ in many earthquakes worldwide,” said Brzev, also an engineer at the British Columbia Institute of Technology in Canada. “Unreinforced masonry seems to be a culprit in the earthquake-affected area in China,” Brzev added. Sudhir Jain, a professor at the Indian Institute of Technology in Kanpur, said WHE’s simple manuals on reinforcing a building’s beams and columns with steel designed to bend during a seismic shock could be popularized across China. Inside China Architects inside China have begun calling for a system of checks and balances to prevent local officials, government-appointed builders, and inspectors from siphoning funds out of public construction projects, especially schools and hospitals. Jiang Jun, founder of the architecture magazine Urban China, said, “China’s Ministry of Construction is now carrying out a massive investigation into the public buildings that collapsed during the Sichuan earthquake and is drafting measures to prevent any more disasters in the future.” The government is expected to pass stricter laws on earthquake-resistant construction, approve a corps of independent engineers to inspect buildings nationwide, and begin retrofitting unsafe schools across China, he said. As the superproject to rebuild Sichuan is launched, Jiang added, “China is likely to welcome the globe’s leading earthquake engineers to help.” During a rare roundtable discussion on the earthquake and its destruction of haphazardly built schools, architect Liang Jingyu said the public and the media could help in the effort. “The press needs complete freedom to investigate this earthquake and all public building projects in the future.” Even before that, earthquake experts and builders across China and worldwide could start meeting in cyberspace to create a safer future for Sichuan, Liang said. His studio is helping set up a wiki platform that Chinese architects and international earthquake engineers can use to bounce ideas, blueprints, and technologies around the planet. Worth the Cost The extra expense of designing buildings to absorb seismic shocks seems cost-effective, experts say. For instance, adding counter-quake protections makes the cost of building a school only slightly higher. Brian Tucker is the president and founder of GeoHazards International, an organization that works with locals around the world to devise or improve building codes. “In polls conducted across the world, people say they are willing to spend more to make sure schools are safe for kids during earthquakes,” Tucker said. One of the group’s main goals is to help international earthquake experts and architects transfer newer technologies to the rest of the world. The group might join a China-based reconstruction project now being considered by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, which promotes democracy and market-based economies. One aim, Tucker said, would be “helping China to design and build structures that absolutely must remain standing after an earthquake, like hospitals and schools.” |
Minsheng Art Museum
June 13th, 2008 by Liang Jingyu 梁井宇
汶川大地震在十个月前被预见
June 2nd, 2008 by Liang Jingyu 梁井宇通过美国国家地理杂志记者Kevin Holden Platt 即将发表的一篇文章，我了解到这次地震在去年7月的一份学术论文中被预报过。论文的主要作者是Alex Densmore (Durham University, UK) 和Mike Ellis (British Geological Survey), 论文题目是Active tectonics of the Beichuan and Pengguan faults at the eastern margin of the Tibetan.
(下载地址：http://www.geography.dur.ac.uk/documents/densmore/densmore_etal07.pdf)
文中有大量的研究分析图片。我不是地质专家，不能完全看懂。结论似乎有两点：
1）西藏高原东部边缘正在发生快速的新生代岩层的“冷却”和“溶蚀“，但是矛盾的是还看不到大规模的（地壳）收缩(The steep, high-relief eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau has undergone rapid Cenozoic cooling and denudation yet shows little evidence for large-magnitude shortening or accommodation generation in the foreland basin.）
2）与西藏东部平行的断层的活跃将导致在四川盆地高密度居住区的重大的地震灾害发生（activity on the margin-parallel faults in eastern Tibet may represent a significant seismic hazard to the densely populated Sichuan Basin.)
值得注意的一点是，这篇论文也是中国自然科学基金会支持的研究项目，编号是49802013。成都科技大学有参与，提到的人有Li Bing, Si Guanying, Wang Mo, and Zhang Yi 等。
论文结尾说到，从北川到Pengguan的断裂带长到足够产生强烈的地表地震，将给区域带来潜在的严重破坏。（The fault are sufficiently long to sustain a strong ground-shaking earthquake, making them potentially serious sources of regional seismic hazard.)
以下图片出自该论文:
建筑师，除了捐款还能做什么（二）？
June 2nd, 2008 by Liang Jingyu 梁井宇
我认为了解地震是我们的权利。因为地震来时，所有人包括我们的父母，老师都要设法逃生，那时他们也许无法照顾我们，所以我们自己要知道地震时该怎么做。
而且，拥有一个安全的学校也是我们的权利。学校不是我们自己盖的，但是如果地震来时它因承受不住而坍塌就会把我们压死。为什么我们小孩子要死于别人建造的错误？那不是我们的错，那是那些建我们学校的人的错。所以我要求所有的家长，老师要为我们建安全的学校。一封尼泊尔学生Sony的信，转摘自Keeping Schools Safe in Earthquakes
建筑师、规划师在重新制定新的中小学设计规范时不应忘记国情的特殊性。一些也许看似荒谬、极端的或者浪费的措施也许可以起到一定的“矫枉过正”的效果，就好比结构工程师总喜欢安全系数，或国外工程师叫的“蒙昧系数”，在设计计算结果之上再乘以1.2，乘以1.5。我们能不能也把这些“官僚系数”，“豆腐渣系数”和可能出现的各种“贪污系数”，消化一部分在规范里面？比如，在所有山区学校的设计规范里面，不允许做二层，只能做平房呢？砖混结构和预制板很不安全，那在规范中是否可以禁止使用？
其实，抗震的技术手段已经非常成熟，即使有些技术中国工程师还不完全掌握，但是通过国际合作，与世界上在抗震领域领先的地区（加州、欧洲南部和日本）交流，也可以很快吸收过来。但是看到他们所有关于抗震的经验之谈时都可以发现一点，技术只是他们探讨的一部分，相当大的探讨是政府反应、运作、机构合作策略问题，即人的问题。在这次重建中，建筑师是否可以也关注如何与政府合作的问题？开创出一种新的类似于台湾921大地震后的“重建会”、“新校园运动”的政府与民间合作的新模式。
目前有许多国外的机构组织，比如WHE(World Housing Encyclopedia), GeoHazards International, National Information Center of Earthquake Engineering(India), USAID, OECD( The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) , EERI (California-based Earthquake Engineering Research Institute) 都有意与国内重建的机构组织联络，并提供具体的房屋抗震技术、物资援助。比如，印度理工学院(Indian Institute of Technology) 的教授Sudhir Jain解释WHE的特长时说它是个将国际上有关地震研究的专家联系起来的虚拟平台，他们讨论的最多和最擅长的是不仅安全而且容易建造的房屋可能性，这方面WHE已经在全球多个地方帮助了旧房屋的抗震加固。尽管中国经过唐山大地震后，对抗震技术的研究一直没有停止，但是据我所知都是针对城市多层和高层建筑的，像针对农村住宅和落后地区的抗震措施一直没有得到足够的重视。也许通过和印度在这方面的合作可以弥补我们的不足。